In addition, as the energy density of batteries continues to improve, many of these devices are able to operate for long periods of time solely on battery power. Functionality has been largely broadened and energy efficiency has been greatly enhanced, all while reducing size by orders of magnitude. The continuous improvement of semiconductor manufacturing technologies has led to tremendous technological advancements in small electronic devices, such as portable electronics, sensors, and transmitters in the last three decades. Various key aspects that contribute to the overall performance of a piezoelectric energy harvester are discussed, including geometries of the piezoelectric element, types of piezoelectric material used, techniques employed to match the resonance frequency of the piezoelectric element to input frequency of the host structure, and electronic circuits specifically designed for energy harvesters. This paper reviews the current state of research on piezoelectric energy harvesting devices for low frequency (0–100 Hz) applications and the methods that have been developed to improve the power outputs of the piezoelectric energy harvesters. This presents a challenge for the researchers to optimize the energy output of piezoelectric energy harvesters, due to the relatively high elastic moduli of piezoelectric materials used to date. However, a majority of these applications have very low input frequencies. In an effort to eliminate the replacement of the batteries of electronic devices that are difficult or impractical to service once deployed, harvesting energy from mechanical vibrations or impacts using piezoelectric materials has been researched over the last several decades.
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